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Topography
Terrain/Relief
The shape and irregularities of the land surface, including hills, depressions, slopes, and other natural formations.
Terrain/Relief is the spatial form of the land surface, characterized by various height variations and surface elements. Understanding terrain is essential in surveying, construction, and spatial planning.
Terrain elements:
- Hill - elevated surface area
- Depression - lowered surface area
- Slope - inclined surface between higher and lower areas
- Peak - prominent summit
- Valleys - elongated depressions, often with watercourses
- Terraces - horizontal steps on a slope
Terrain characteristics:
- Absolute height - height above sea level
- Relative height - height difference between points
- Slope - surface gradient, expressed in percent or degrees
- Aspect - slope orientation relative to cardinal directions
Terrain representation:
In topographic plans and maps, terrain is shown with:
- Contour lines - lines connecting points of equal height
- Spot elevations - numerical values at specific points
- Color coding - different colors for different elevation ranges
- Shading - representation of terrain plasticity
Terrain surveying methods:
- Tacheometry - classical method with total station
- GNSS - rapid point measurement
- LiDAR - laser scanning from air or ground
- Photogrammetry - 3D models from photographs
Importance of terrain in construction:
Precise terrain study is needed to:
- Choose optimal construction location
- Plan earthwork volumes
- Ensure water drainage
- Assess slope stability